Polygon : A polygon is a two-dimensional shape which has a boundary with $N\geq 3$ corners $C_1, C_2,\ldots C_N$ and edges equal to the line segments $C_1C_2$, $C_2C_3$,..., $C_{N-1}C_{N}$ and $C_NC_1.$ Triangles, quadrilaterals and octagons are all examples of polygons.

Prism : A prism is a polyhedron with two parallel base faces of the same shape and size and edges that connect corresponding corners of those two base faces. All the other faces besides the base faces are parallelograms.

Ray : A ray AB is a one-dimensional shape that includes the points A and B, all the points of the line segment AB and all the points of the straight extension of the line segment beyond B. The ray AB has exactly one endpoint namely A.

Rectangle : A rectangle is a quadrilateral with 4 right angles. Two opposing sides in a rectangle have the same length. They are sometimes referred to as the width and the length of the rectangle. To calculate the area of an rectangle one can multiply the width of the rectangle by the length of the rectangle. A square is the special case of a rectangle in which all side lengths are the same. Every rectangle is a parallelogram.

Shape : A shape is a set of points in space.

Three-dimensional shape : A three-dimensional shape is a shape that has a volume.

Volume : Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional objects measured by how many unit cubes it would take to fill the shape.

Partial products method : A method for calculating a product of two multi-digit numbers by writing both numbers as a sum of ones, tens, hundreds and so on, then multiplying each pair of terms and finally summing up all the terms. For example $12\cdot 34=(10+2)\cdot(30+4)$ $=10\cdot 30+10\cdot 4+2\cdot 30+2\cdot 4$ $=300+40+60+8=408.$

Centimeter : A centimeter ($cm$) is $\frac{1}{100}$ of a meter.

Factor : If a natural number is divisible by a second natural number, that second natural number is called a factor of the first natural number. For example the factors of 12 are 1,2,3,4,6 and 12.

Length : Length is the attribute of a one-dimensional shape that can be measured with a measuring tape.

Line : A line AB is a one-dimensional shape that includes the points A and B, all the points on the line segment in between A and B and all the points of the straight extension of the line segment beyond A and B. A line does not have an endpoint.

Scale : Scale refers to the size of a shape. A scale drawing changes a shape to a similar shape of a different size.